In this paper we demonstrate the potential of combining electric hybridization\r\nwith a dual-fuel natural gas-Diesel engine. We show that carbon dioxide emissions can be\r\nreduced to 43 gram per kilometer with a subcompact car on the New European Driving Cycle\r\n(NEDC). The vehicle is operated in charge-sustaining mode, which means that all energy is\r\nprovided by the fuel. The result is obtained by hardware-in-the-loop experiments where the\r\nengine is operated on a test bench while the rest of the powertrain as well as the vehicle are\r\nsimulated. By static engine measurements we demonstrate that the natural gas-Diesel engine\r\nreaches efficiencies of up to 39.5%. The engine is operated lean at low loads with low engine\r\nout nitrogen oxide emissions such that no nitrogen oxide aftertreatment is necessary. At\r\nmedium to high loads the engine is operated stoichiometrically, which enables the use of a\r\ncost-efficient three-way catalytic converter. By vehicle emulation of a non-hybrid vehicle\r\non the Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP), we demonstrate\r\nthat transient operation of the natural gas-Diesel engine is also possible, thus enabling a\r\nnon-hybridized powertrain as well.
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